abstract：:The science of Tourette Syndrome (TS) is advancing at multiple levels of analysis and will be enhanced through the use of animal models. Particular challenges in the development of TS animal models reflect complex features of this disorder, including its waxing and waning course and its "invisible" sensory and psychic...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Swerdlow NR,Sutherland AN

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Granulocytes are defined as the population of granulated white blood cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils). These cells are involved in inflammation and contribute to the pathogenesis of allergic and inflammatory diseases. Inflammation is induced by the release of mediators from granulocytes recruited to or ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Lacy P

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus indigenous to Australia and the Western Pacific region and is responsible for several thousand cases of human RRV disease (RRVD) per annum. The disease primarily involves polyarthritis/arthralgia, with many patients also presenting with rash, myalgia, fever, and/or...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Rulli NE,Suhrbier A,Hueston L,Heise MT,Tupanceska D,Zaid A,Wilmes A,Gilmore K,Lidbury BA,Mahalingam S

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the past 4 years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become widely used as an experimental tool to analyse the function of mammalian genes, both in vitro and in vivo. By harnessing an evolutionary conserved endogenous biological pathway, first identified in plants and lower organisms, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) reagents ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Leung RK,Whittaker PA

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Forward Pharmacology seeks to identify small or large molecules that modulate a normal or abnormal biological process in living cells or whole organisms and historically has been responsible for the discovery of many clinically used drugs. Forward Pharmacology approaches have become particularly attractive because adv...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Vogt A,Lazo JS

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The precise mechanism(s) of the progression of advanced heart failure (HF) should be determined to establish strategies for its treatment or prevention. Based on pathological, molecular, and physiological findings in 3 animal models and human cases, we propose a novel scheme that a vicious cycle formed by increased sa...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Kawada T,Masui F,Kumagai H,Koshimizu M,Nakazawa M,Toyo-Oka T

更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Activation of receptors coupled to inhibitory G proteins (Galpha i/o) has opposing consequences for cyclic AMP accumulation and the activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, depending on the duration of stimulation. Acute activation inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, thereby attenuating cyclic AMP accu...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Watts VJ,Neve KA

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Evidence has accumulated indicating that the interaction between NO and the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation, not only in experimental animals, but also in humans. NO interacts with the autonomic nervous system both at the central level and peripherally. In this review, we ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Sartori C,Lepori M,Scherrer U

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Functional polymorphisms that alter gene expression and mRNA processing appear to play a critical role in shaping human phenotypic variability. Intensive studies on polymorphisms affecting drug response have revealed multiple modes of altered gene function, frequently involving cis-acting regulatory sequence variants....

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Johnson AD,Wang D,Sadee W

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natriuretic peptides play a critical role in coordination of fluid/electrolyte balance and vascular tone. The renal effects of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are distinct from the paracrine effects of vascular C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). CNP is widely expressed t...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Scotland RS,Ahluwalia A,Hobbs AJ

更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) interact not only with heterotrimeric G proteins but also with accessory proteins called GPCR interacting proteins (GIP). These proteins have important functions. They are implicated in GPCR targeting to specific cellular compartments, in their assembling into large functional comple...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Bockaert J,Fagni L,Dumuis A,Marin P

更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The neurobiological processes by which ethanol seeking and consumption are established and maintained are thought to involve areas of the brain that mediate motivated behavior, such as the mesolimbic dopamine system. The mesolimbic dopamine system is comprised of cells that originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Gonzales RA,Job MO,Doyon WM

更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent epidemiologic studies have shown that aerobic exercise, one of lifestyle modifications, reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-atherogenic and anti-hypertensive effects of exercise remain unclear. Hypertension is associated with alte...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Higashi Y,Yoshizumi M

更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that, predominantly, mediate inhibitory synaptic transmission in the CNS. These receptors are pentameric complexes that are comprised of subunits from several classes (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, ), with each class consisting of several isofor...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Kumar S,Fleming RL,Morrow AL

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In mediating the transfer of cholesteryl esters (CE) from antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein (HDL) to proatherogenic apolipoprotein (apo)-B-containing lipoprotein particles (including very low density lipoprotein [VLDL], VLDL remnants, intermediate density lipoprotein [IDL], and low density lipoprotein [LDL]), t...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Le Goff W,Guerin M,Chapman MJ

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stroke is a major clinical problem, and acute pharmacological intervention with neuroprotective agents has so far been unsuccessful. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the potential therapeutic benefit of nitrone-derived free radical trapping agents as neuroprotective agents. Nitrone compounds have been...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Green AR,Ashwood T,Odergren T,Jackson DM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytotoxic drug-induced nausea and vomiting are the side effects most feared by cancer patients. Emesis is an instinctive defense reaction caused by the somatoautonomic nerve reflex, which is integrated in the medulla oblongata. Emesis caused by cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin is associated with an increase in the co...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Minami M,Endo T,Hirafuji M,Hamaue N,Liu Y,Hiroshige T,Nemoto M,Saito H,Yoshioka M

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review takes a translational neuroscience perspective on the role of glutamate systems in human ethanol abuse and dependence. Ethanol is a simple molecule with profound effects on many chemical systems in the brain. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamatergic systems are targe...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Krystal JH,Petrakis IL,Mason G,Trevisan L,D'Souza DC

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microsomal P450-mediated monooxygenase activity supported by NADPH requires an interaction between flavoprotein NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome P450. These proteins have been identified as the simplest system (with the inclusion of a phospholipid (PL) component) that possesses monooxygenase function; ho...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Backes WL,Kelley RW

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pharmacological agents, such as histamine H(2) receptor antagonists and acid pump inhibitors, are now the most frequently used treatment for such acid-related diseases as gastroduodenal ulcers and reflux esophagitis. Based on increased understanding of the precise mechanisms of gastric acid secretion at the level of r...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Aihara T,Nakamura E,Amagase K,Tomita K,Fujishita T,Furutani K,Okabe S

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During the last decade, rigorous scientific methods have been applied to determine the effects of cannabinoids on nociceptive neurotransmission. Cannabinoids have been observed to markedly decrease signalling in specific neural pathways that transmit messages about pain. These effects were found to be due to the suppr...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Walker JM,Huang SM

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) was initially identified as the major receptor for oxidized LDL (OxLDL) in endothelial cells. Its inducible expression in macrophages and smooth muscle cell was also observed. LOX-1 is a Type II membrane protein with a typical C-type lectin structur...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Chen M,Masaki T,Sawamura T

更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The thyroid hormone (TH; 3,3',5,5'-tetra-iodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine) regulates growth, development, and critical metabolic functions. Thyroid diseases are among the most prevalent group of metabolic disorders in the Western world. TH exerts effects through complex biological pathways, which offer a wea...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Shi YB,Ritchie JW,Taylor PM

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:K(+) channels play critical roles in a wide variety of physiological processes, including the regulation of heart rate, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability, insulin secretion, epithelial electrolyte transport, cell volume regulation, and cell proliferation. As such, K(+) channels have b...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Wickenden A

更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Protein kinases recognize and bind to specific amino acid sequences on their protein substrates. These sequences can be readily identified using combinatorial peptide libraries. Unfortunately, conventional peptide libraries are not designed to identify subtle structural factors that can dramatically enhance enzyme aff...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Yeh RH,Lee TR,Lawrence DS

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of infectious disease in the 20th century, bacterial resistance now threatens to render many of them ineffective. Aminoglycosides are a class of clinically important antibiotics used in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive and -negative organisms. They are ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Burk DL,Berghuis AM

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteoporosis is defined as a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterised by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. The clinical relevance of osteoporosis derives from the fractures that it produces. More th...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Rodríguez-Martínez MA,García-Cohen EC

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors in the human genome that respond to a plethora of signals, including neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, and odorants, to name a few. They couple to second messenger signaling cascade mechanisms via heterotrimeric G-proteins. R...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Rios CD,Jordan BA,Gomes I,Devi LA

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of inherited or drug-induced metabolic disorders involving dysfunctions in purines and pyrimidines are strongly associated with neurological dysfunction, e.g., Lesch Nyhan syndrome. Such disorders have been studied extensively using biochemical and molecular techniques in order to examine how such defects occ...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Connolly GP

更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Portal hypertension (PHT) is a common clinical syndrome associated with chronic liver diseases; it is characterized by a pathological increase in portal pressure. Pharmacotherapy for PHT is aimed at reducing both intrahepatic vascular tone and elevated splanchnic blood flow. Due to the altered hemodynamic profile in P...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Cahill PA,Redmond EM,Sitzmann JV

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite some recent declines, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Most recent advances in the treatment of CVD states have been produced by inhibition of mechanisms involved in disease progress. Many studies conducted in the last decade have illustrated inc...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Wattanapitayakul SK,Bauer JA

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three major types of opioid receptors, designated mu, delta, and kappa, are widely expressed in the CNS. Development of selective receptor ligands and recent cloning of each receptor have contributed greatly to our increasing knowledge of the neuropharmacological profile of each opioid receptor type. It is of interest...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Narita M,Funada M,Suzuki T

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Apoptotic cell death mediated by the members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family is an essential process involved in the regulation of cellular homeostasis during development, differentiation, and pathophysiological conditions. Among the cell death receptors comprising the tumor necrosis factor receptor super...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Sharma K,Wang RX,Zhang LY,Yin DL,Luo XY,Solomon JC,Jiang RF,Markos K,Davidson W,Scott DW,Shi YF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nucleoside monophosphate kinases catalyze the reversible phosphotransferase reaction between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates, i.e., monophosphates are converted to their corresponding diphosphate form. These enzymes play an important role in the synthesis of nucleotides that are required for a variety of c...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Van Rompay AR,Johansson M,Karlsson A

更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Type I signal peptidases are essential membrane-bound serine proteases that function to cleave the amino-terminal signal peptide extension from proteins that are translocated across biological membranes. The bacterial signal peptidases are unique serine proteases that utilize a Ser/Lys catalytic dyad mechanism in plac...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Paetzel M,Dalbey RE,Strynadka NC

更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Coronary microvessels play a pivotal role in determining the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium by regulating the coronary flow conductance and substance transport. Direct approaches analyzing the coronary microvessels have provided a large body of knowledge concerning the physiological and pharmacologic...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Komaru T,Kanatsuka H,Shirato K

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Preliminary investigations of the physical properties of oligonucleotide analogs that contain alternating methylphosphonate/phosphodiester linkages are described. An alternating oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleoside methylphosphonate, oligomer 1676, whose sequence is complementary to the upper hairpin region of human immuno...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Miller PS,Cassidy RA,Hamma T,Kondo NS

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural D-nucleosides are no longer the sole basis for designing effective antiviral analogues. Many antivirals with an opposite (L) configuration were reported, with lamivudine being the most notable example. In contrast, carbocyclic nucleoside analogues are significantly more enantioselective, and enantiomers with a...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Zemlicka J

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Adenosine produces a wide variety of physiological effects through the activation of cell surface adenosine receptors (ARs). ARs are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family, and currently, four subtypes, the A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR, are recognized. This review focuses on the role of receptor structure in...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Olah ME,Stiles GL

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency is caused by mutations in the human MAT1A gene that abolish or reduce hepatic MAT activity that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. This genetic disorder is characterized by isolated persistent hypermethioninemia in the absenc...

journal_title：Pharmacology & therapeutics

authors： Chou JY

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00